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提升我国低空经济产业链韧性和自主可控水平_我的网站

A |     NEW YORK -- The yield on the 10-year Treasury has reached 5% for the first time since 2007. That matters for everyone, not just Wall Street. Treasury yields have been climbing rapidly, with the 10-year yield rallying from less than 3.50% during the spring and from just 0.50% early in the pandemic. Monday morning, the yield on the 10-year Treasury was at 4.96% after hitting 5.02% earlier. The jump means the U.S. government must pay more to borrow money from investors to cover its spending.It also directly affects people around the world, because the 10-year Treasury yield is the centerpiece of the global financial system and helps set prices for all kinds of other loans and investments. Besides making it more expensive for U.S. homebuyers to buy a house with a mortgage, higher yields also put downward pressure on prices for everything from stocks to cryptocurrencies. Eventually, they could help cause companies to lay off more workers. Higher yields mark a sharp turnaround for a generation of consumers and investors who have known pretty much just low yields, as central banks kept benchmark interest rates pinned at nearly zero. Such low rates let people borrow money more easily, which helped economies to strengthen following the 2008 financial crisis, the European debt crisis and other maladies including, most recently, the COVID-19 pandemic. The low rates led to rising prices for houses, stocks and other investments, but they may also have encouraged too much risk-taking and spurred investment bubbles.Now, central banks are more concerned with getting high inflation under control. To do that, they raise interest rates and hope the higher costs to borrow will starve inflation of its fuel by bringing down spending. The Fed's main interest rate affects extremely short-term loans, those that banks charge overnight. The Fed has already pulled its federal funds rate to the highest level since 2001, and it's debating whether to hike it one more time. Either way, it's signaled plans to keep rates high for a while to successfully suffocate inflation. The 10-year Treasury yield has been catching up to the Fed's main interest rate after a string of reports has shown the U.S. economy remains remarkably resilient. While that calms worries about a possible recession caused by high rates, it could also keep upward pressure on inflation and shorter-term rates. Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell said Thursday that many other factors could be contributing to the swift rise in the 10-year Treasury yield. They include the U.S. government's big deficits, which require more federal borrowing, and the Fed's ongoing efforts to reduce its trove of bond investments built earlier to keep yields low. On the wonkier side, bond prices have also been falling in tandem with stock prices more often than they used to. That's unnerving for investors who usually see bonds as the safer part of their portfolios, and it could be pushing them to demand higher yields to own them.The rise in the 10-year Treasury yield most directly means the U.S. government has to pay more to borrow money for 10 years. But because the 10-year yield is the reference point for financial markets, it also quickly filters out into all kinds of loans. Even for companies with the best credit ratings, the interest rates they borrow at are set by adding some extra on top of whatever the U.S. government is paying for its Treasurys. Borrowers with worse credit ratings have to pay more extra than those seen as good bets to repay their debts.More expensive borrowing keep U.S. households from spending as much and companies from expanding as much, which should eventually hit overall U.S. economic activity. More immediately, because a 10-year Treasury is seen as one of the safest possible investments on the planet, its yield swiftly sways prices for all kinds of investments. When a super-safe Treasury is paying much more in interest, investors feel less need to pay high prices for a Big Tech stocks, cryptocurrency or other investment that carries more risk. It's a big reason the S&P 500 has seen its gain for the year so far tumble from 19.5% at the end of July to 10% as of Friday. Higher U.S. yields also attract more investments from abroad, which means investors are increasingly swapping their currencies for U.S. dollars. Since the end of July, the U.S. dollar has climbed roughly 4% against the euro, 5% against the British pound and 6% against the Australian dollar. While a stronger dollar helps U.S. tourists buy more stuff when they're abroad, it can also add financial pressure and heighten inflation for other countries, particularly in the developing world. Even for U.S. bond investors, the swift rise in bond yields has brought losses of their own. When new bonds are paying higher yields, it makes the older, lower-yielding bonds already sitting in investors' portfolios or mutual funds less attractive and knocks down their price.The largest U.S. bond mutual fund has lost roughly 3% so far in 2023 and is on track for a third straight yearly loss. That's never happened since its birth in 1987.。

B |     低空经济关键环节自主可控水平评估矩阵自主可控评分（5分制）数据来源：2026国际低空经济博览会调研制图：潘天阳  当前，我国低空经济正由无人机单点应用向载人电动垂直起降航空器（eVTOL）、低空物流、城市治理、应急救援等多场景拓展，产业链也呈现传统航空、汽车电子、新能源、通信和数字技术交叉融合的态势。

C |   近期在上海举办的2026国际低空经济博览会（简称“博览会”）上透露出的信息显示，我国在低空经济领域已形成较为完整的产业门类和较强的整机创新能力，但距离安全可控尚有差距；产品“能飞”，但尚无法“按航空标准稳定生产并长期运行”。

D | 专家建议未来政策支持重点从一般性的国产化水平提升，转向供应链恢复能力建设，尽快补齐工业软件、高完整性电子系统、航空级精密部件、材料数据和适航验证等薄弱环节。

E |   从“产品创新”转向“体系能力竞争”  从政策环境看，2026年7月1日起施行的新修订的《中华人民共和国民用航空法》，对民用航空产品设计、生产、适航和无人驾驶航空器分类分级管理作出新的制度安排。《低空经济标准体系建设指南（2025年版）》将标准体系划分为低空航空器、低空基础设施、低空空中交通管理、安全监管和应用场景五大领域。这意味着，低空产业正在从政策培育和试点示范阶段，逐步进入以标准、适航、质量和运行绩效为约束的产业化阶段。  从博览会传递出的信号来看，我国低空经济产业发展呈现多元化和分层化特征。国有企业主要集中在通信导航、基础设施和安全保障领域，如中国电信、中国卫通等依托5G-A和卫星通信优势布局低空网络覆盖，中国质量认证中心、中国民航科学技术研究院等提供适航审定和检测服务支撑；民营企业在整机制造、零部件供应和应用运营领域表现活跃，美团无人机在深圳完成超100万单低空物流配送，宁德时代、智圣固能等民营企业深度布局航空级电池；外资企业主要集中在工业软件、高端材料和航空级核心系统领域，在eVTOL全流程数字化研发中占据重要位置。  这种“国资守底、民企创新、外资补充”的格局，既体现了我国产业的活力，也揭示了不同环节的自主可控程度存在明显差异——整机端和运营端由民企主导、国资托底，而研发工具端和高端材料端外资参与度较高。  从整机制造分层看，我国已形成消费级、工业级和eVTOL三个梯队的差异化布局。其中，消费级无人机占据全球70%以上市场份额，技术成熟度和规模化生产能力全球领先；工业级无人机在植保、巡检、测绘、物流等领域形成规模化应用，2025年农林植保飞行占总架次的82%；eVTOL领域已有18家企业推进适航取证，代表企业呈现多技术路线并行发展的格局。西北工业大学教授潘泉指出，当前轻小型无人机故障概率与有人机的安全标准存在数量级差距，“本体安全”仍是需要持续强化的方向。

F |   总体看，我国低空产业链呈现“整机领先、系统追赶、基础待强”的特征。

G | 整机创新、新能源产业配套和应用场景组织能力较强；高安全等级核心系统、航空级材料工艺和研发验证工具仍有提升空间。部分环节已拥有国产产品，但尚未完成航空环境下的长期验证；部分环节能够满足一般无人机需要，但难以直接满足载人或中大型航空器要求。上述差异意味着，自主可控不能采用统一口径推进，应根据安全关键程度、技术成熟度和产业化节奏分类施策。

H |   低空经济产业链面临结构性矛盾  低空经济产业链大体可分为五个层次。第一层是基础材料和元器件，包括碳纤维及树脂体系、铝合金和特种材料、芯片、传感器等。第二层是动力、航电和机载核心系统，包括电池和能源管理、电机与电控、增程器、飞控、导航等。第三层是整机设计、制造和总装集成，我国在消费级和工业级无人机领域具备全球竞争力。第四层是数字研发和适航验证，包括CAD、CAE、PLM、ALM、MBSE等工业软件，实时操作系统、编译器和开发工具，以及仿真、试验、检测和工程数据管理，是产业链中被低估的“隐性底座”。第五层是运行和持续保障，包括起降设施、通信导航监视、气象、维修、备件、保险、培训和运营服务。  从博览会展商结构看，400余家参展企业中，整机制造企业约40家（占比10%），核心系统企业约60家（15%），零部件及材料企业超过150家（37%），工业软件与测试服务企业不足30家（7%），运营服务与基础设施企业约80家（20%），外资及合资企业约50家（12%）。越靠近产业链底层，企业数量越少，自主可控程度越低。这一“金字塔”结构揭示了我国低空经济产业链存在“头重脚轻”的结构性矛盾。  从各环节发展水平和未来发展重点看，可分为三类。  首先，已经形成较强产业和市场竞争力的环节。消费级、植保、巡检等轻小型无人机整机及其任务系统具备较强自主研发和规模制造能力；锂电池电芯、电池管理、部分电机电控、北斗定位、地面通信和行业应用软件能够依托我国新能源汽车、电子信息和通信产业基础快速迭代；部分碳纤维、结构件、雷达光电载荷和地面保障装备也已形成国内供给。

I |   其次，已有国产方案，但工程化和适航成熟度仍需提升的环节。包括航空级高功率密度电推进系统、高压配电和功率电子、飞控计算平台、综合航电、惯性导航、机电作动、精密传动、复合材料预浸料以及复杂环境传感器等。此类环节是当前政策支持应当重点覆盖的地带。  最后，外部依赖和转换成本相对较高的环节。主要包括高端多学科仿真和全生命周期管理软件、部分航空实时操作系统和高可信开发工具、高性能处理器、关键惯性器件和高端传感器、航空级轴承等。这些领域并非国内完全不能生产，而是成熟产品、工程生态、历史数据和监管认可往往集中于少数国际供应商，研发生产周期远长于一般工业品。  未来六大发展方向与产业趋势  结合产业链各环节的发展态势，我国低空经济未来竞争将呈现六大发展方向与产业趋势，产业各方需要提前布局、主动适应。  第一，由整机企业竞争转向“整机—系统—软件—适航”生态竞争。未来低空产业的竞争焦点，将从单一整机性能指标，转向整机能否带动稳定的供应商体系、控制关键接口并积累在役数据。  第二，汽车、新能源技术继续向航空领域迁移，但供给能力分化。

J | 时的科技联合创始人蒋俊指出，当前电池能量密度下eVTOL航程约200公里，如果电池供应商能研发出更加安全可靠、能量密度更高的电池，250公里的飞行距离可以解决大部分问题。未来，只有具备航空质量体系、设计保证和长期保障能力的供应商才能进入核心层，只提供通用工业品或样件的企业则难以参与到高安全等级型号的产业链中。

K |   第三，软件、数据和算法将成为与材料、芯片同等重要的战略资源。eVTOL和中大型无人机研发涉及多学科协同，模型能否迁移、工具能否验证、算法变更能否追溯、运行数据能否回流，将直接影响产品迭代速度和监管信任。

L | 工业软件不再是简单的“设计工具”，而是嵌入适航证据链、影响审定话语权的关键基础设施。

M | 谁能在软件平台、数据标准和模型可信度方面形成体系优势，谁就有可能在下一轮产业竞争中占据主动。  第四，产业链安全转向追求可恢复性。当前完全排除国际供应链既不现实，也不利于技术进步。更可行的方案是在关键功能领域掌握自主设计权，安全关键件具备双来源或可验证备份，发生停供后能够在可接受期限内恢复。这意味着政策重心需从“谁生产”转向“谁能生产、谁掌握设计权、谁有备份方案”，从静态的国产化率考核转向动态的供应链韧性评估。  第五，适航和国际规则将提前介入产业竞争。取得国内型号合格证只是市场化的起点，持续生产、运行安全和境外认可将决定订单能否兑现。

N | 峰飞航空成为全球唯一同时获得TC、PC、AC的eVTOL企业，时的科技获阿联酋350架海外订单，表明国际市场认可与国内标准输出已经开始。谁能在规则、标准、试验数据和国际验证方面形成体系优势，谁就有可能把国内市场规模优势转化为国际竞争力。  第六，标准制定和法规完善将重塑产业竞争规则。随着《中华人民共和国民用航空法》和《低空经济标准体系建设指南（2025年版）》的落地，低空产业正在从“政策驱动”转向“规则驱动”。

o | 低空飞行服务站、城市空中交通管理系统、无人机交通管理系统（UTM）等新型基础设施的标准化建设，将为规模化运行提供制度保障。标准制定权的争夺，将成为下一阶段产业竞争的隐形战场——谁能在技术标准、适航规范和运行规则方面形成先发优势，谁就更有可能主导国内乃至国际低空产业的发展方向。  （作者系国家高端智库研究员）。

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