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75 Years of Independence: How India Fought for Freedom From The British Raj_我的网站

A |     The British rule over India was established in 1858, a year after a massive, yet unsuccessful mutiny broke out against the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown.,Decades of interference and economic exploitation by the East India Company resulted in mass discontent among rulers of Indian states, sepoys, zamindars (landlords), peasants, traders, artisans, and religious leaders. The discontent escalated into a violent fight led by the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar-II. However, the revolt fizzled out for a number of reasons, including the lack of a single unifying motivation among the fighters.,The celebrated late historian RC Majumdar observes that between 1770 and 1857, the East India Company suppressed peasant revolts, tribal uprisings, and military revolts such as the Vellore Mutiny in 1806.,In 1858, the British Parliament liquidated the East India Company and transferred its functions to the British Crown. The British established control over half of India by ousting the rulers, and the remaining half - comprising more than 500 native princely states - chose to pledge their allegiance to the British Crown by accepting the proclamation of 1858 by Queen Victoria that assured them of the continuation of their rights under the Raj.,These native princely states covered 48 percent of the country's total land mass and accounted for 28 percent of its population. The British viewed these princely states as allies in curbing nationalist tendencies in India.,Besides these princely states, a large group of elites also sought ways to take part in the administration under the Raj. The elites raising their voice against the British Raj later became part of the Indian National Congress, which was established by British civil servant Allan Octavian Hume in 1885.,"There were two parallel movements underway against British rule. One was led by a group of elites who later became part of the Indian National Congress when it was established by AO Hume in 1885. The other was people who opposed imperialism and actively participated in various uprisings since 1770," Pawan Sharma, professor at Meerut University, told Sputnik.,Lala Lajpat Rai, who died in 1928, was a prominent freedom fighter and a member of the Hindu reform group, Arya Samaj, and joined several other extremist leaders in the belief that the Indian National Congress was a British conspiracy to be used as a buffer organization between the British government and the Indian public.,In the second half of the 19th century, nationalist sentiments were gaining momentum in Indian society, and Professor Sharma says it was linked to activities carried out by cultural and social organizations.,"Indians had lost the sense of pride over their culture, their past, under foreign rulers. After the British established their political and economic control over large parts of India, it disrupted the old way of life, including social and religious spheres. The religious people intervened to stir the consciousness of the masses and because there were hundreds of thousands of them, they had considerable impact," Professor Sharma of the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) told Sputnik.,Professor Sharma said that the first armed rebellion against the British East India Company was carried out by monks in 1760, three years after the British won Bengal in the Battle of Plassey.,Dasnami Naga monks led the fight on several occasions, beginning in 1770, but their contribution has not been adequately documented. In 1771, 150 unarmed monks were killed under orders of British colonial administrator Warren Hastings.,"Dasnami monks participated in the uprising of 1857. In the following years, Hindu monks actively took part in various activities aimed at nation-building," Professor Sharma added.,Despite the occasional use of brutal force by the Raj, nationalist sentiments among Indians kept growing. During the First World War, the British government in India enacted a series of repressive emergency powers intended to combat subversive activities.,The turning point in India's freedom struggle came in March 1919, when the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919 - popularly known as the Rowlatt Act - was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, giving the police sweeping powers to arrest and incarcerate anyone suspected of terrorist activities without trial for up to two years.,Protests erupted across north India, primarily in Punjab, against the act, resulting in the killing of several people on 10 April 1919. This triggered a mass peaceful protest on 13 April. In response, the British forces started firing at protesters, even as they tried to flee, killing hundreds of people in what has become known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Britain still hasn't issued an apology for the massacre.,PM Modi, Rahul Gandhi Pay Tribute to Victims of 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre13 April, 11:44 GMT,Jallianwala Bagh prompted Mahatma Gandhi - now referred to as the Father of the Nation - to organize his first act of large-scale civil disobedience, the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22), with an eye to compelling the British to grant Indians self-governance. However, the call to refuse to cooperate with the British administration was met with violence, causing Gandhi to call off the movement.,The use of force by the British sparked anger among the country's youths, resulting in the emergence of revolutionary leaders like Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad.,On 8 April 1929, 22-year-old Singh threw a bomb at the Central Legislative Assembly at Delhi from the visitors' gallery and raised pro-revolutionary slogans.,"Revolution is an inalienable right of mankind. Freedom is an imperishable birthright of all. Labor is the real sustainer of society," said Singh, whose words inspired thousands to join the independence movement. He was hanged on 23 March 1931, along with his two revolutionary friends, in a case related to the killing of a British officer.,Sensing the public sentiments and having come under pressure from revolutionaries and extremist leaders, in 1930, the moderate Indian National Congress declared that complete independence from the British rule was the sole aim of the freedom struggle.,Gandhi launched the Salt Protest on 12 March 1930, and broke the Salt Law on 6 April 1930, 48 years after a tax was imposed on salt-making from seawater. The government arrested around 60,000 people.,The movement brought the Indian freedom struggle under the spotlight of western media. This was also the first time women took part in large numbers in the freedom struggle. The mass movement created pressure on the British rule, prompting the British to sit down at the negotiating table with Gandhi on "equal terms" and agree to several demands of the Indian National Congress, including independent elections in the provinces.,In 1936-37, under the Government of India Act 1935, the British conducted the first provincial elections in which the Indian National Congress won by majority.,The Final Battle,Britain wanted to gain India's support in the Second World War as Japan's invasion drove the British out of Burma (now Myanmar), the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaya (now Malaysia) by the first months of 1942. Bengal, the most industrialized province under British rule, was also at risk of an attack by Japan.,The British Crown sent the "Cripps Mission" led by Richard Stafford Cripps in March and April 1942 to obtain the crucial Indian support. However, talks between the Cripps Mission and the Indian National Congress failed as the British government proposed "dominion status" instead of complete independence for India.,The Indian National Congress leader Gandhi said that Cripps' offer of "dominion status" after the war was a "post-dated cheque drawn on a failing bank.",After the failure of the Cripps Mission, the Indian National Congress launched the "Quit India" movement and gave a call of "do or die" to the people.,The British moved swiftly to suppress the movement, arresting more than 100,000 people, including Gandhi and other political leaders. About 10,000 civilians, including women and children, were killed in police firings and baton charging.,The sentiments against the British were so strong that locals in isolated pockets like Ballia, Tamluk and Satara, among others, started forming parallel governments.,All these developments prompted the British Crown to send a mission to India which finally transferred power to Indians leading to complete Independence.,75 years after this historic event, some influential figures in India's political spectrum still believe that the remnants of British dominance continue to dictate the country's political course, which according to them, has proved counterproductive to the growth of India as a nation.,They believe that the Quit India Movement was launched in haste by the Indian National Congress with the sole intention of grabbing political influence. The movement was not thoroughly thought through nor did it intend to unify all the forces that were engaged in the battle for freedom. The movement also lacked the support of major stakeholders such as the All-India Muslim League, the Communist Party of India, and the Hindu Mahasabha.,The Muslim League pressed for the country to be partitioned according to religious lines before the British left India; however, the Communist Party vehemently opposed the movement, and the Hindu Mahasabha, an umbrella organization of Hindu nationalist forces, was not in favor of immediate mass uprising as they feared the law and order situation could spiral out of control.,"The 1942 Quit India Movement was, in fact, a mass uprising against the British rule. But was the movement in sync with the social and cultural reality of the time? Did the movement result in the country envisaged by Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar, Dr Keshav Hedgewar, Bhagat Singh, and others? The movement was aimed at merely wresting political power from the British crown," Professor Sharma says.,The same debate continues today with Hindu Nationalists, who are accused of not participating in the Quit India Movement, arguing that the movement did not entail a clear and focused strategy of "nation-building".,The Cruelty of the British,Shashi Tharoor, who penned a book 'An Era of Darkness: The British Empire in India', has accused the British of draining the country of resources.,"The British came to one of the richest countries in the world accounting for 27 percent of global GDP in 1700," he said, adding that after more than 200 years of exploitation, depredation, and destruction, India was reduced "to a poster child for Third World poverty," accounting for just above 3 percent of global GDP by the time the country gained independence.,According to Tharoor, 35 million people died under the British Raj from unnecessary famines caused by British policy.,An estimated three million people died in the Bengal famine of 1943, which Tharoor blamed on WInston Churchill's policies of "deliberately ordering the diversion of food from starving Indian civilians to well-supplied British soldiers and even to top up European stockpiles, meant for yet-to-be-liberated Greeks and Yugoslavs".,"Bodies began piling up on the sides of roads and in ponds, rivers and ditches. Vultures got too fat to take flight, and jackals feasted on still-living bodies in broad daylight," writes Professor Janam Mukherjee in his book, 'Hunger Bengal: War, Famine, Riots and the End of Empire'.。

B |     重庆赛力斯超级工厂（凤凰）总装车间即将下线的新能源汽车。记者 王全超摄  当前，人工智能（AI）正在汽车领域加速应用，推动汽车从单一交通工具向“智能终端”和“移动生活空间”演进。近期，我国牵头制定的联合国自动驾驶系统全球技术法规获批发布，标志着中国智能驾驶产业迈入全新发展阶段。  华为、腾讯、字节等科技巨头正积极布局，与主流车企加强合作，推动AI深度赋能汽车产业，重塑汽车行业格局。  智能驾驶加速进阶  夜间高速行驶时，能在120公里时速下提前3秒识别百米外、仅易拉罐大小的障碍物，并提前规划路线、精准避让……前不久，搭载华为乾崑智驾ADS辅助驾驶系统最新版本的启境GT7正式上市，受到市场关注。

C |   随着智能网联汽车技术迭代速度不断加快，汽车驾驶模式从“人主导”变为“人车协同”，智能驾驶越来越成为辅助驾驶员驾驶、提高驾驶安全性的重要工具。“用户爱不爱用是辅助驾驶好不好的唯一标准。”华为智能汽车解决方案事业部相关负责人说。数据显示，华为乾崑智驾累计辅助驾驶里程已超122亿公里，搭载乾崑智驾的车辆累计行驶总里程超350亿公里。

D |   赛智产业研究院智能经济研究所所长李铭岩表示，当前AI正不断重塑智能驾驶，其中最核心的变化是技术范式全面转向数据驱动的端到端大模型架构，从而让车辆驾驶行为更像人类，能更从容应对复杂的边缘场景。  与此同时，“重感知、轻地图”正成为行业共识，企业不再过度依赖高频更新的高精度地图，而是着力提升车辆实时感知和理解世界的能力，大大扩展了高阶智驾的可用区域。围绕纯视觉与多传感器融合两条技术路线，行业形成了各有侧重的探索。此外，算力与数据的竞争也在不断升级，焦点从硬件配置转向了云端训练算力和高质量数据闭环能力。  在国家发展改革委宏观经济研究院研究员张林山看来，AI优化算法在提升算力利用效率的同时，推动了软硬件协同优化，带动整体成本持续下降，L2级高阶智驾已实现规模化商用落地，L3级智驾正在准入试点中稳步推进，行业渗透率快速提升。未来行业发展的重点是推进高阶智驾的规模化落地，攻克极端复杂场景适配能力，探索清晰可持续的商业化模式。

E |   业内人士表示，VLA（视觉—语言—动作）大模型正成为打通认知与执行壁垒的前沿方向，它将视觉、语言和动作统一到同一个模型框架中，让系统能看懂交警手势、临时路牌等语义信息，作出更像人类司机的拟人化决策。但同时，智能驾驶在长尾场景的覆盖仍是巨大挑战，一些现实中罕见但致命的场景，恰恰容易被传感器误判，需要技术进一步突破，这对行业提出了更高要求。  用户体验持续提升  从交通工具到移动的生活空间，智能汽车在用户体验上不断发力。如今，驾驶人凭借语音完成控车、导航、娱乐等各类操作，已成为车内人机交互的常见场景。  “座舱正在迈向Agentic AI（代理式人工智能）时代，AI不再是功能叠加，而是组织成可感知、可规划、可执行、可持续进化的智能中枢。”腾讯智慧出行副总裁、负责人钟学丹说。  据了解，腾讯专门为智驾场景打造了轻量化、可运营、可共建的云图方案，已服务博世、长安、长城等企业，助力训练与量产提效。高工智能汽车研究院数据显示，腾讯在新能源乘用车标配“城市NOA智驾地图”中，占据49%的市场份额。  李铭岩表示，座舱正从本地功能执行者升级为车内智能体，不仅能控制车机本地功能，还能联网获取实时信息，规划多目的地行程，成为一个随行的生活管家。  AI带来的用户体验提升，离不开一系列技术底座的支撑。今年4月，火山引擎发布基于Agentic AI架构的新一代汽车AI解决方案，通过一个AI大脑深度联动整车，打通车控、导航、智驾等关键功能域，实现“感知—推理—执行—记忆—学习”一体化闭环。  火山引擎总裁谭待介绍，火山引擎已经与100%主流车企合作推动AI创新。搭载豆包大模型的智能汽车已超过700万辆，覆盖超50个汽车品牌、145个车型，搭载量稳居行业第一。用户活跃度也显著提升，豆包大模型日均完成超3000万次座舱交互和服务闭环。  算力基础也在不断夯实。据了解，腾讯云面向车企提供了全链路的智算解决方案，可以实现算力灵活调度与极致利用，混合算力集群利用率达98.4%，推理场景GPU效率提升超60%。  “AI大模型为智能座舱与人车交互带来了全方位的革命性变化。”张林山表示，大模型打通了车端、云端、移动端的服务边界，让座舱能力可以持续匹配用户需求，智能化已从“可选配置”变为用户购车的核心考量因素。  安全底线不断筑牢  当前，AI已成为提升汽车产业链竞争力、推动产业升级的核心驱动力。李铭岩表示，行业核心价值正从传统的发动机、变速箱等机械硬件向软件、算法和数据处理能力转移，软件定义汽车已经成为现实。  张林山介绍，在产品端，AI推动汽车从传统交通工具转变为智能移动终端，创造新的用户价值与增长赛道；在生产端，AI重构了研发、生产、供应链全链路流程，缩短新车研发周期，优化生产质控精度，大幅降低全链条运营成本，提升产业整体运转效率；在价值端，AI推动产业价值创造从一次性整车售卖转向长期服务变现，催生各种新盈利模式，推动产业从传统制造向“制造+服务”转型，助力行业在全球汽车产业变革中建立新的竞争优势。  但也要看到，无论汽车智能化如何发展，安全始终是汽车行业的底线。今年7月30日，工业和信息化部组织制定并归口的《智能网联汽车 自动驾驶系统安全要求》（GB 44721—2026）强制性国家标准由国家市场监督管理总局、国家标准化管理委员会批准发布，拟于2027年7月1日起正式实施。  “如何在智能化创新与安全可靠之间取得平衡，是一个系统工程与治理命题。

F | ”李铭岩建议，确立安全优先、渐进创新的设计哲学，任何新功能的推出都应当建立在充分的风险评估、仿真测试和封闭场地验证基础之上。  张林山表示，平衡AI+汽车的智能化创新与安全可靠，需要从技术、标准、监管多维度构建协同保障体系。在技术层面，应建立“安全优先”的研发逻辑；在标准层面，针对不同等级的智能化功能明确分阶段安全准入要求，对大模型决策机制建立可追溯、可解释的规范，避免黑箱算法带来的不可控风险；在监管层面，建立全生命周期安全管理机制，通过车端联网实现远程升级后的持续安全监控，同时明确创新试错的边界和事故权责划分，在鼓励技术探索的同时守住公共安全底线，推动行业长期稳健发展。（记者 赖奇春 黄 鑫）。

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