极限挑战第三季

最近，一则关于H5N1禽流感的报道引起了全球范围内的高度关注，美国疾病控制和预防中心（CDC）已经发布了健康警报，介绍了有关美国近日报告的人感染禽流感病毒病例的最新情况。

B | 专家们警告说，这种病毒可能导致的疾病大流行，其严重性可能“比新冠严重100倍”，我们一起来看看这到底是怎么回事，更重要的是，咱们能做些什么来保护自己。

H5N1型禽流感病毒是一种高致病性病毒，目前在美国已经出现了人感染的病例。这名感染者是得克萨斯州一家商业奶牛场的一名农场工人，他在3月底出现结膜炎，随后被确认H5N1病毒检测结果呈阳性。

目前，美国六个州的12个农场报告了其奶牛感染H5N1病毒，其中得克萨斯州有5个农场。这不仅是对美国，也是对全球公共卫生体系的一次考验。虽然目前该病毒在人与人之间的传播能力有限，但科学家们正在密切监控其演化，以防万一。         Zhuo Qiang (L) talks with Simon Msago, a Maasai community leader in Ngoswani, in Narok, Kenya, Aug. 12, 2026. (Xinhua/Liu Qiong)As dawn breaks over Ol Kinyei Conservancy in Kenya's Maasai Mara ecosystem, rangers are already combing the grasslands for signs of unauthorized entry and poaching while keeping a close watch on wildlife.
Among them is Chinese conservationist Zhuo Qiang, nicknamed "Simba," the Swahili word for lion. For him, this early-morning routine is driven by a broader mission to achieve human-wildlife coexistence.
In 2010, Zhuo left his job in China at the age of 37 and embarked on a less-traveled path: pursuing wildlife conservation in Kenya.
Without professional training in wildlife conservation, he found himself in a territory then dominated by Western organizations and local practitioners.
But Zhuo decided to stay. "I wanted to prove that Chinese people could also do wildlife conservation," he said.
Initially, Zhuo saw conservation largely through the lens of wildlife science: working in the field, studying animals and collecting data.
Living and working with Maasai communities changed that perspective. "The fate of wildlife was closely tied to the people sharing the same land," he said.
In the Maasai Mara ecosystem, livestock grazing is deeply connected to the livelihoods of pastoral communities. "If local people are asked to stop grazing but are given no alternative source of income, conservation cannot be sustainable," Zhuo said.
That principle laid the foundation for his work with the local community in establishing the Ol Kinyei Conservancy.
The area had suffered from prolonged overgrazing, with plants and the land itself deteriorating. Under the conservation model, local grazing land was leased and gradually restored, allowing vegetation to recover and creating a more suitable habitat for wildlife, said Zhuo.
Meanwhile, households participating in the scheme receive land-rental income and have access to jobs such as wildlife rangers and tourism workers. Their average annual income has increased from around 500 U.S. dollars to about 3,700 dollars, according to Zhuo.
Some residents from surrounding communities also learned from the experience and brought the approach back to their own grazing areas.
Nowadays, 26 private conservancies have been established around the Maasai Mara National Reserve, covering about 1,600 square km, according to Zhuo.
He believes the network of community conservancies provides additional safe space for wildlife to move and survive, extending conservation efforts beyond the boundaries of a single national reserve and into surrounding communities.
Simon Msago, a Maasai community leader in Ngoswani, said Zhuo's work encouraged more residents to take an active role in conservation.
In the past, many residents saw few direct benefits from wildlife conservation and had limited awareness of its importance. Today, community members are increasingly willing to work as rangers and protect wildlife, creating an effective layer of protection around the conservancies, Msago said.
"Human-wildlife conflict cannot be solved simply through restrictions and prohibitions. The key is to create alternative sources of income so that residents can gain tangible benefits from conservation," Zhuo said.
"That is what makes community-based conservation sustainable -- allowing local people to become part of wildlife conservation rather than bystanders with no stake in it."
While continuing his work in the Maasai Mara, Zhuo has also sought to strengthen exchanges between China and Africa in wildlife conservation.
In recent years, he has visited more than 30 nature reserves and national parks in China, sharing his experiences of community-based conservation in Africa with Chinese counterparts.
"Conservation practices in China and Africa each have their own characteristics, and there is much that the two sides can learn from each other," he added.
    Zhuo Qiang (C) checks the chickens raised by local residents in Narok, Kenya, Aug. 12, 2026. (Xinhua/Liu Qiong)
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首先，H5N1并不是新面孔，但它近期在多国多地的爆发，尤其是美国的农场，引起了科学家们的高度警惕。这种病毒通常在禽鸟间传播，但已展现出跨物种感染哺乳动物，包括牛、猫，甚至人类的能力。这不简单意味着，它跨越物种屏障的能力越强，潜在的全球大流行风险就越大。

对比新冠病毒，H5N1的死亡率令人咋舌。新冠初期死亡率约20%，而今已降至0.1%以下。而根据世界卫生组织的数据，自2003年以来记录的887名H5N1病毒感染者中有462人死亡，死亡率高达52%，这意味着一旦大规模爆发，后果将不堪设想。

H5N1病毒已经表现出潜在大流行病毒的几个重要特征，包括全球范围内的传播，以及能够感染包括人类在内的一系列哺乳动物宿主。但别慌，科学家们也说了，如果病毒变异并开始人传人，死亡率可能会下降，这也是希望所在。

不过，针对美国农场的病例，目前尚不清楚奶牛和人分别是如何被感染的，所以也不确定该病毒是否能够在哺乳动物之间传播。

H5N1病毒可以通过接触感染的禽鸟或其污染物而传播。因此，尽量减少与禽类的直接接触，尤其是病死禽鸟，如果必须接触，请务必佩戴手套、口罩等防护用品，并及时洗手。此外，家有鸟、鸡鸭的注意隔离，避免家禽与野生动物接触，减少交叉感染可能。

别忘了，手部卫生是第一道防线。勤洗手，使用肥皂和水或含酒精的手消毒剂，避免用手触摸眼、鼻、口等易感染部位。咳嗽或打喷嚏时用纸巾遮挡，随后立即处理用过的纸巾。

禽流感病毒在足够高的温度下可以被杀死，因此，禽肉、蛋类应彻底煮熟，避免生食，减少感染风险。此外，购买禽肉时应选择正规渠道。

均衡饮食，适量运动，保证充足睡眠，增强自身抵抗力。

C |

紧跟当地卫生部门和世界卫生组织的最新动态，了解疫情发展和防控指南。

家庭中应备有基本的医疗物资，如体温计、口罩、手套、消毒液等，以便在必要时迅速响应。

最后，如果你有任何呼吸道症状，如发热、咳嗽、呼吸困难，别拖，及时就医，并告知动物接触史。

在这个充满不确定性的时代，了解和预防总是比恐惧更有力量。H5N1禽流感的威胁提醒我们，公共卫生安全是一个持续的战斗，需要每个人的参与和努力。让我们保持警觉，但不必过度焦虑，通过科学的预防措施，我们可以有效地降低风险，并为可能的大流行做好准备。