A | BANGKOK -- Zhang Hongliang, a former restaurant manager in central China, took various gigs in and outside China to support his family after losing his job during the COVID-19 pandemic.In March, a job offer to teach Chinese cooking at a restaurant led him into a cyber scam compound in Myanmar, where he was instead ordered to lure Chinese into giving up their savings for fake investment schemes via social media platforms.Zhang is one of tens of thousands of people, mostly but not all Chinese, who have become ensnared in cyber scam networks run by powerful Chinese criminal syndicates in Southeast Asia. Regional and Chinese authorities have netted thousands of people in a crackdown, but experts say they are failing to root out the local elites and criminal networks that are bound to keep running the schemes.When scam operations are shut down in one place they often just resurface elsewhere. The problem is an embarrassment for Beijing and is discouraging ordinary Chinese from traveling to Southeast Asia out of fear they might be duped or kidnapped and caught up in a cyber scam operation. In recent years, media reports have uncovered instances of young people being lured to places in Cambodia or Myanmar for high-paying jobs, only to be forced to work as scammers. Rescue organizations say people are regularly beaten or face physical punishments such as being forced to run laps if they don't perform well. In August, China, Thailand, Laos and Myanmar agreed to set up a joint police operations center to tackle cyber scams in the region. On Oct. 10, China’s Ministry of Public Security announced that its “Summer Operation” had successfully brought back 2,317 scam suspects from northern Myanmar to China.China calls such people suspects, though experts say most of them are victims who were forced to work for the criminals. They question how they will be treated once back in China. The schemes based in countries like Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia are run by Chinese bosses hand-in-hand with local elites. Many are based in places where China has financed big construction projects through leader Xi Jinping’s signature Belt and Road Initiative.Myanmar's border regions long have been a magnet for criminals — historically including drug producers and traffickers — because of lax law enforcement. Such places are generally under the control of ethnic minority armed groups, either opposed to or allied with Myanmar’s central government. Some also cooperate with organized crime gangs.“From the vantage point of the Chinese government, it’s a source of extreme embarrassment that you have so many of these Chinese criminals operating all across Southeast Asia,” said Jason Tower, an expert on transnational crime with the United States Institute of Peace.The syndicates also are known for “pig butchering” cons, where scammers entice individuals, often halfway across the world, to invest their money in bogus schemes after duping them into digital romances.The scammers divide their targets into two categories: Chinese and non-Chinese. They use scripts, images of models and influencers and translation software to trick the people they contact by phone or online into parting with their money. Victims can be anywhere in the world.The criminals have “ridden on the shoulders of the Belt and Road Initiative,” said Tower, who outlined links between the criminals and Chinese state enterprises, think tanks and government officials in a 2020 report written for the United States Institute of Peace.Zhang was working in Thailand and on a visa run to Laos when he met the man who lured him to the scam compound in Myanmar. Giving what he said was his last name, Gao, he claimed to be a broker and travel agent for Chinese living in Thailand. Zhang and his wife wanted extra money to pay for in vitro fertilization to have another child. Gao suggested he go work in Myawaddy, in eastern Myanmar’s Kayin state, teaching a local chef how to cook Chinese dishes in Gao’s new restaurant. The pay would be double what Zhang made in China.Zhang was wary. Since a 2021 coup, military-controlled Myanmar has been embroiled in civil conflict. But Gao reassured him that he wouldn’t be doing anything illegal and said the restaurant would have plenty of customers since many cyber scam businesses were operating in the area.That might have raised a red flag but it was only once he got to Myanmar that Zhang realized his predicament. He asked to go back home, saying there was a family emergency. His family helped him scrape together some 40,000 yuan ($5,472) to pay off the debt Gao claimed he owed him, and he slipped away one night, swimming across the Moei River into Thailand, where he turned himself in to Thai police, who contacted the Chinese Embassy.Zhang showed the AP copies of his deportation notice from the Thai Immigration police and a temporary ID card. He returned to China in late June and was questioned by Chinese police but not detained. He has been sharing his story on Douyin, the Chinese version of TikTok, to alert others to the risks and says people often contact him about relatives trapped in cyber scam compounds.“We all went out with this wonderful sense of hope, but then reality slammed us in the face,” he said.In total, China has detained some 4,000 suspects and returned them back to China. The Ministry of Public Security has claimed “breakthrough results” through operations in coordination with Myanmar authorities. On Monday, they announced they had repatriated another 2,349 people. The ministry did not respond to a faxed request for comment.One 31-year old former chef who was smuggled into Myanmar’s Wa State earlier this year said he saw his company hand over four people to Chinese police with little fanfare in September. Other companies did the same, said the man, who was smuggled into Myanmar and later rescued by a non-profit organization. He declined to be named out of fear of government retribution, and The Associated Press could not independently verify his account.Overall, the enforcement actions don’t seem very comprehensive, experts say. The groups now based in Myanmar originally were located in Cambodia. When Cambodia cracked down on online gambling rings and illegal casinos in 2019, many of the groups just moved to less well policed places in Myanmar. Some were taken over by rival gangs.China's efforts to repair its image have so far not made much headway, said Thitinan Pongsudhirak, a professor of political science at Thailand’s Chulalongkorn University. “You can crack down on these symptoms and the manifestations … that you can see in the borderland areas," he said, "but they’ll come back unless you really have a sustained effort." -—-AP researcher Wanqing Chen in Beijing and AP writers Grant Peck and Jintamas Saksornchai in Bangkok contributed to this report.。 为什么高原地区离太阳更近，反而却更冷？ 我发现这个简单的问题，直到今天还是互联网的热门话题。
B | 我们可以在网上轻松找到解释，但是我发现大部分解释都没有说到本质，都只是解释了一下空气热量的获取方式，不是太阳而是地表。
C | 这种解释看似没错，但是有很多歧义，所以很多人可能确实不好理解。 要想用最简单、最容易让人理解的方式回答这个问题，其实我们只要找到高原地区和低海拔地区到底有什么不同就可以了。 当然，这种不同肯定不是海拔高，离太阳近啊，相比于地球到太阳1.5亿公里的距离，珠穆朗玛峰的高度都可以忽略不计。 两者真正的不同是空气密度，高海拔地区空气相对稀薄，低海拔地区则空气密度大。
D | 所以，导致高原更冷的本质原因就是那里空气稀薄，没有什么其它的了。 所以这个问题正确的问法应该是，为什么空气稀薄会导致气温更低？ 要回答这个问题，我们就要知道空气到底是如何获取温度的。 首先，对流层的空气确实不是被太阳加热的，太阳照射到地球的光基本是短波辐射，也就是可见光到紫外线的部分。 对流层的大气成分对短波辐射几乎就是透明的，所以太阳光是穿过大气直接加热了地表。 但是被太阳加热后的地表，它也会向外发出辐射，这种辐射主要就是红外线为主的长波辐射。 对流层的空气成分主要是氮气和氧气，其实这两种气体分子不仅基本无法吸收太阳的短波辐射，它们也基本无法吸收地面发射出去的长波辐射。 真正让对流层空气获得温度的是水蒸气、二氧化碳、甲烷等气体。
E | 这些气体有一个共同名字，叫做温室气体，它们吸收了地面的辐射之后，就会被加热，而它们被加热后又会向外发出热辐射，从而加热周围环境。 我们理一理哈，太阳加热的是地面，然后地面加热温室气体，温室气体加热了周围环境，这就是气温的由来。 那些空气稀薄的地方，温室气体的浓度也相应得很低。 由于空气稀薄，高原地区的地面其实更容易被太阳加热，但是轮到地面发出长波辐射时，那里缺少水蒸气、二氧化碳、甲烷等气体来承接，所以大部分辐射都直接射向太空，而不是变成气温。 所以自然就是更冷了，这些地区还有一个特点就是昼夜温差很大。
F | 现在我们知道，靠近地表的空气会更热，但是热空气会上升，而高处的冷空气会下沉，这就是对流层的由来。 那么更有趣的问题是，上升的热空气为什么不会导致高原地区的气温升高？还有为什么对流层没有无限延伸？ 为什么暖空气没有加热高原地区？ 空气是有重量的，同时可被压缩，所以在地球引力的作用下，越靠近地表空气密度就越大，海拔越高则空气越稀薄。 受热的空气会膨胀，密度减小从而上升，而它周围的相对冷的空气则正好相反，会下沉填充，热空气上升，冷空气下沉，这就形成了对流层。 但是，上升的热空气，随着气压的下降，膨胀得越发厉害，气体膨胀的过程会消耗自身内能，也就是会失去温度，这个就是膨胀降温。 地球上气体上升的膨胀降温速度非常激烈，越干燥的空气上升过程膨胀降温越厉害，平均而言，地球上每升高1000米膨胀降温6.5℃。 所以，海拔越高获得地面暖空气的气温就越少。 所以，整体下来高海地区还是更冷。
G | 不过，热空气不会无限上升。
H |
△ 对流层往上就会遇到臭氧层，臭氧层是平流层的一部分。
I | 我们前面提到过，对流层的空气成分基本不会吸收太阳发出的短波辐射，但是臭氧层中的臭氧不一样，臭氧分子会大量吸收太阳的短波辐射（这就是它是地球保护伞的原因所在）。 所以，虽然臭氧层比对流层海拔更高，但实际上那里的气温比下方的对流层更高。 对流层到了最顶部，气温已经低到-50℃ 到 -80℃，但是随着进入臭氧层，气温就开始随着海拔升高而升高，甚至在最高点可以达到0℃。 对流层的暖空气上升的本质是它的温度高于上方空气，但它到平流层后，空气温度已经低于上方的空气了，它自然就无法继续上升。
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